Skiing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skiing - Essay Example In USA, the main record of the utilization of skis was in Wisconsin in the year 1841 with the primary ski race being held in 1867. Different well known occasions in the ski history in the US were held during the 1930s in areas, for example, Utah, Idaho, Stowe, Sun Valley and Ulta among others. Recreational skiing, which is the most mainstream type, has been followed to have begun in the Scandinavian nations with Norway being where it was generally utilized. At first, skiing was utilized as a strategy for development (travel) as utilized by trackers over the snow-bound areas. In this period, guiding and halting strategies were created while additionally different kinds of skiing, for example, Alpine and ski hopping were set up also. With the movement and going of the Norwegians around different pieces of the world, there was a development of skiing as a game. 1n 1924, the main Winter Olympics were held in Chamonix, France where skiing sport was a piece of the military rivalries. During this time, the ski hardware was extraordinarily improved while the transportation gadgets for conveying skiers were likewise evolved. With a developing enthusiasm for the recreational movement, there was a rise of ski resorts to a great extent in the urbanized zones. By the World War II, skii ng sport had developed into an enormous industry that went past the conventional bad-to-the-bone gathering, for example, the school club understudies and ski jumpers. After the war, the skiing business encountered a quick development that was portrayed by an expansion in the quantity of ski regions and an improvement of ski hardware among others. The Winter Olympic rounds of the year 1960 were broadcast, making the game increasingly mainstream among the American populace. The post-1970s years have seen a ceaseless development of the game that has seen the skiing business become what there is in this day (Goeldner and Standley, 105-106). Today, there are various sorts and styles in which the game aficionados appreciate it.

Managing Change at Cox's Container Company Essay

Overseeing Change at Cox's Container Company - Essay Example It is likewise obvious from the contextual analysis that the organization confronted change opposition from workers. What's more, the representatives came up short on the present aptitudes and information important to comprehend the planning framework. This paper will break down the difficulties confronting Cox Container Company and give elective answers for the issues. Likewise, the most appropriate suggestions will likewise be proposed. At long last, the game plan will be plot on how the proposals can be executed. As per Huczynski and Buchanan (2013, p.6), authoritative conduct clarifies the lead of people in an organization. It is the social lead of individuals that trigger them to act and live in gatherings. So as to keep up joint effort and accomplish objectives, some type of basic affiliations must be made. Then again, the association is a social arrangement of co-appointment that is made to extend individual accomplishment that is focused on objective fulfillment. The authoritative conduct is an impression of activities and perspectives displayed by representatives in an association. From the contextual analysis, the authoritative conduct of Cox Container Company is created by the way that the representatives are from a similar ethnic foundation. From this point of view, the workers share same qualities and implications held by the network, and this impacts their activities. Likewise, the way of life is reflected in the mentalities and direct of individuals or gatherings. An ideal case of how individuals share a typical culture act is uncovered in the activity division. For this situation, the staff working in the creation office are seen to desirously to watch the freedom they appreciate under their long-serving supervisor. The benefit of this type of hierarchical conduct is that the organization can achieve its objectives and targets through staff dedication. The people working in the organization share a comparative discernment, accordingly,

Universal education and gender parity essay

Some 104-121 million children of elementary school age are non in school, with the most exceedingly awful deficiencies in Africa and South Asia. Young ladies are excessively influenced, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific, where 83 % of all out-of-school misss live ( UNESCO, 2004 ) .Cosmopolitan Education and Gender Parity EssayIn this article I will talk whether I accept that Africa will make the planetary finish of cosmopolitan essential guidance and sexual orientation para at all degrees of guidance by 2015. I will use my discoveries to isolate whether I trust Africa will make the predetermined finishes by 2015. First I will focus on whether Africa will make the planetary finish of cosmopolitan essential guidance by 2015. Orchestrating to African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) Most African states are on way to achieve cosmopolitan essential enrollment by 2015, if current propensities proceed, by the by despite the fact that fitting to The United Nations ( 2010 ) enlistment in essential guidance has kept on lifting and is making 89 percent in the improvement universe the stride of headway is as yet inadequate to ensure that, by 2015, all misss and young men finish a full class of essential tutoring. The African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) states that if moves are made to better dish to essential guidance for kids from hapless families, for kids who live in provincial nations, and for HIV vagrants will diminish the activity at manus. With all Inquisitions the African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) states that Africa overall has an expansion in the essential fruition rates all things considered The United Nations ( 2010 regions that half of the sub-Saharan African states have at any rate one of every four children of grade school left school in 2008 in this manner in spite of the fact that obtaining kids into school is a basic first measure one needs to keep up the children go toing classifications, this will so expand the opportunity that one will have the full advantages of guidance. Fitting to The United Nations ( 2010 ) Household data from 42 states show that provincial children are twice every piece liable to be out of school as children populating in urban nations. The data other than show that the provincial urban spread is to some degree more extensive for misss than for male childs. In any case, the greatest deterrent to guidance is neediness. Other than the country urban spread, there was a mean expansion of 5.3 per centum in finish rates in 17 African states somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2006 ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . The mean essential fruition rate is low in states in battle and in states rising up out of battle and hence current propensities show that the mainland is far-fetched to achieve the essential finishing mark ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . Blending to the United Nations ( 2010 ) so as to run into the end, states will other than require to ensure that there are sufficient teachers and schoolrooms to run into the interest. Among now and 2015, the figure of new educators required in sub-Saharan Africa totally approaches the present guidance power in the part ( United Nations 2010 ) . Fitting to the United Nations ( 2010 ) numerous states teaching misss is generally seen as being of less an incentive than teaching male childs which currently carries me to the whether Africa will make sexual orientation para at all degrees of guidance by 2015. Blending to the African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) the landmass keeps on doing progression toward sex balance and approval of grown-up females, the African improvement Bank Group expressed the misss ‘ elementary school enlistment rate surpassed that of male childs somewhere in the range of 2000 and 2006 by and by regardless of these increments, misss still record for 55 for each centum of the out-of-school populace in the part more distant more it was discovered that In 2008, there were 96 misss for each 100 male childs took a crack at grade school ( United Nations 2010 ) . Fitting to the United Nations ( 2010 ) in Secondary Education 95 misss for each 100 male childs tried out auxiliary school. In 1999, the proportions were 91:100 and 88:100 for the two degrees of guidance, severally. In spite of this headway, sexual orientation para in essential and auxiliary training an imprint that should have been met by 2005-is still out of range for some, creating parts ( United Nations 2010 ) , henceforth most African states presently can't seem to achieve sex para in optional guidance, around four mature ages after the imprint day of the long stretch of 2005. Just 11 states have accomplished this imprint ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . Blending to the African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) despite the fact that topographic focuses, for example, Lesotho and Namibia had more misss took a crack at optional schools than male childs it is incredibly far-fetched that African states will make the characteristic of sexual orientation para in auxiliary guidan ce by 2015, if current inclinations proceed, by and by 10 states have a sex para in optional guidance. Orchestrating to the African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) the headway towards sexual orientation para in third guidance is other than moderate and just eight African states have accomplished sex para in third guidance. In sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, for representation, simply 67 and 76 misss per 100 male childs, severally, are selected third degrees of guidance ( United countries 2010 ) and subsequently numerous African states have detailed progression in sex para as to grown-up education, in 2007 eight states revealed the imprint as accomplished ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . The African Development Bank Group ( 2009 ) state that with the expansion in grown-up female in third guidance work powers ‘s cultural and financial spots are undermined, subsequently youthful work powers are pulling back into customary and profound foundations that shore up their places and approval. This is resulting in expanding power against grown-up females and on crossroads, to profound and other social battles in the public arena ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . Thusly, so as to shield the advancement of grown-up females ‘s approval, a lot of arrangements ought to other than be acquainted with ensure that male instructive and business chances are non essentially dissolved in the method ( African Development Bank Group 2009 ) . Blending to the United Nations ( 2010 ) grown-up females do represent a major segment of pursued specialists ; by the by it does non plan that they have secure, pleasant occupations. Truth be told, grown-up females are normally saved money and have less unafraid work than work powers. Along these lines in choice I feel that Africa will non make the planetary finish of cosmopolitan essential guidance and sexual orientation para at all degrees of guidance because of the closures holding a sign of guaranting that by 2015 children everyplace male childs and misss in like manner will have the option to complete a full class of essential tutoring and to quench sex difference in essential and auxiliary guidance sooner by 2005 and in all degrees of guidance no thusly than 2015 ( United Nations 2010 ) . Previously fitting to the United Nations ( 2010 ) most African states presently can't seem to achieve sexual orientation para in optional guidance, around four mature ages after the imprint day of the period of 2005 and that numerous researchers leave school before making their finishing up twelvemonth in the essential guidance part and a large number of them being misss. This outcomes in less young lady researchers making optional and third guidance which causes so the sexual orientation issue inside the auxiliary and third degrees of guidance. In this manner for Africa to make these finishes by the allotted clasp they have to get down making radical strides and focus on making tutoring chances for the hapless and except if this happens we will non make these closures.

PEST analysis of manufacturing in Pakistan - Free Essay Example

PEST ANALYSIS POLITICAL The government of Pakistan plays a pivotal role in regulating cement manufacturing industry. Controls and policies are being formulated to smoothen up business operations and facilitate entrepreneurs to operate effectively and efficiently. However, still there are many tax and other charges imposed on cement producers which makes them non-competitive in international market. Cement manufacturers are liable to pay Corporate Income Tax @34%, Federal Excise Duty (FED) of US$3.8/t, and Sales Tax of 17% of the MRP. In addition to this, the initial allowances on Plant and Machinery are also restricted to 25% together with import taxes on raw materials and capital goods being kept at 5% for cement manufacturers of Pakistan. Duties are also being imposed on basic packaging material i.e. Kraft paper under @15% https://www.globalcement.com/news/itemlist/tag/Pakistan Government has to play an important role in improving trade relations across the globe. The export sales of manufacturers are damaged by worsening bi-lateral relations in international markets and as a result cement manufacturers suffer due to government inefficiency and ill-diplomacy. Recently the government badly failed to persuade India for removal of trade barriers and consequently manufacturers lost a lucrative Indian market. https://www.dailytimes.com.pk/business/02-Mar-2014/budget-proposals-for-2014-15-cement-industry-demands-tax-rationalisation Government assisted policies also help the cement industry flourish. Successful development of Metro Bus system in Lahore has greatly helped cement industry in previous years. Further extension will be an injection to cement industry from the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s side. https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-240002-PML-N-government-fulfils-longstanding-dema nd-of-residents Presently largest coastal nuclear power projects are in pipeline to be started shortly this year. https://www.thenewstribe.com/2013/11/26/pakistan-initiates-largest-coastal-nuclear-power-projects-of-62000-mw-electricity/ In addition to this, construction of steel mills in Chiniot will be another gift for the industry by the government. https://tribune.com.pk/story/690593/man-of-steel-shahbaz-signs-chiniot-iron-ore-estimation-agreement/ By now, the government has also motivated the Chinese investors to invest in various construction projects including Gadani Power Project, Dasu Power Generation Project and cement industry development. https://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-29098-Pakistan-attracting-foreign-investment-says-Nawaz SOCIAL Due to non-availability and expensive nature of oil and gas coal is used as basic fuel. However, some companies have even progressed to using tire fuel because of its efficient power generation and has lesser TDF metal content as compared to coal. Though this is more environmental friendly but companies will take time to shift to this power source and make themselves more environmentally responsible. https://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/tires/tdf.htm Cement manufacturing as like other production processes cause environmental pollution.Residents if living in nearby areas get affected by such production processes. Such was the case of dust pollution caused by Kohat Cement Factory that threatened the prosperity of the surrounding villages. https://www.dawn.com/news/1028419/cement-factory-causing-dust-pollution-in-kohat Cement industry provide enormous employment opportunities for Pakistani population. It approximately accounts for 5% of total employed labor force of the country. It employs skilled, unskilled, technical, managerial and engineering professionals for various job roles. Further, it creates business and opportunities for ancillary industries including retailing, distribution, transport etc. https://www.dgtrdt.gov.pk/Research/38th_syndicate_reports/4.pdf ECONOMIC The market structure of cement industry seems to be cartel based and the membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interests are taken care of by All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association (APCMA). However, members of APCMA deny presence of cartel on the grounds of inconsistency in cement prices, capacity utilization and market capitalization. https://tribune.com.pk/story/528875/cement-industry-denies-existence-of-cartel/ Competition Commission of Pakistan (CCP) fined 20 cement manufactures acting and coordinating as a cartel. However, these market producers kept on denying any sort of collusive price arrangements agreed between them. https://www.globalcement.com/news/item/1937-lucky-strike?-changes-in-pakistan%E2%80%99s-cement-industry The international cement market is becoming fiercely competitive as all countries start to protect their balance of payments by imposing trade restrictive measures on cement imports. Depressing economic circumstances and balance of payment concerns worldwide has forced countries to adopt protectionist policies at large. https://www.globalcement.com/news/itemlist/tag/Tax The profitability of cement industry has been badly affected by rising power generation costs. The energy crisis reduces the electricity supply to the industry and therefore many producers are shifting towards self generated power systems. In addition to this, gas tariffs have been increased by 17% resulting in higher power generation costs. https://www.dawn.com/news/1080191/tepid-growth-in-cement-sector Government uses a discriminatory tariff policy by which gas tariffs have been increased by only 17% for captive power plants as compared to compared to 50% increase for industrial consumers. This principal policy distorts completion and provides an undue edge to captive power generation owners. https://www.brecorder.com/brief-recordings/0/1246753/ Survival of small cement manufacturers is very difficult in the market which is dominated by giants. Their market power, pricing controls and collusion pose a dominant t hreat to survival of small scale manufacturers. Especially smaller cement producers are finding it very troublesome to compete against large manufacturers after discriminatory power policy because they are primarily dependent on grid power sources of WAPDA. https://www.globalcement.com/news/itemlist/tag/All%20Pakistan%20Cement%20Manufacturers%20Association Technological All Pakistan Cement Manufacturers Association (APCMA) has entered into an agreement with Lafarge Pakistan Limited to improve and upgrade cement manufacturing units in Pakistan to international health and safety standards. https://www.dawn.com/news/800576/mou-for-safety-in-cement-industry The main concern for the industry is to rationalize their power sources. Investment in Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is being done by few companies to secure and streamline their power generation activities. This is a modernized way of power generation through municipal waste. Moreover, waste heat recovery projects are being carried out by many producers in order to reduce their costs. https://www.nation.com.pk/business/11-Mar-2013/debt-servicing-a-major-part-of-cement-industry-cost In addition, the technological advancements are taking place to reduce fuel costs by switching to power generation through alternate sources of energy including pet coke and shredded rubber. https://www.d awn.com/news/1090385/cement-sector-seeks-relief

Difficulty Writing an essay at Tertiary Level - 1040 Words

Writing an essay at Tertiary level is an extremely difficult process. Introduction The ability to write a quality piece of writing at the tertiary level is a procedure that does not come easily. As mentioned in Marshall and Rowland (2006, p.195).the complexity of developing a style of writing that is personal and academic while processing and developing thoughts and concepts into a presentable piece of academic writing can be a daunting process ( myself included ). This essay will discuss some of the barriers a student may experience during their writing experience. The development of research and reading skills in their approach to learning and difficulties a student may experience due to procrastination and consequently†¦show more content†¦Therefore the writing of an essay, although difficult, is a process that is of benefit to the student as a capstone or finish to their study. As Rowntree mentions â€Å"Writing is the crucial step without which study would be incomplete† (2006, p.65).The writing of an essay is a process where you communicate your skills and knowledge in the written form. Physical Hurdles The written essay is a task that is normally done by the writer away from class. The timeframe is usually adequate provided the student begins in a timely fashion without procrastinating. When writing at home the immediate environment may have debilitating effects. Orr (1992, p.80). States†To maximise your output arrange for a quiet and distraction free writing period†. This I find is particularly important as I can also relate to this as well as a quote in Marshall and Rowland (2006, p15). â€Å"...in formal learning you are required to concentrate for sustained periods and to study subjects that aren’t of immediate importance to you.† Your physical surroundings are important for producing an atmosphere conducive to effective study and writing. 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Therefore, this essay will examine the five domains in human development namely physical, cognitive, social, emotional and spiritual development within the child hood to early adulthood process. It also demonstrates the biological and environmental influences in human developmentRead MoreMy Development and Life Span2332 Words   |  10 Pagesdevelopment. One of the stages are identity versus role confusion; which is highlighted in the year of adolescence. Erikson also believed that every human being goes through a certain number of stages to reach his/her full development. Therefore, this essay will examine the five domains in human development namely physical, cognitive, social, emotional and spiritual development within the child hood to early adulthood process. It also demonstrates the biological and environmental influences in human developmentRead More Teaching in America Essay3668 Words   |  15 Pagesmore puzzling. E. g.: A staffer in the thirty-year-old experimental college of a selective private university in the New York area reports that, despite higher-than-average SAT scores in its entering classes, students basic skills, especially writing skills, continue to slide. The common response to all this confusion has been to develop methods through which new teachers may be guided into paths of righteous and effective teaching of their various disciplines. The ERIC articles database isRead MoreThe Role Of The British Actress And Playwright3159 Words   |  13 Pagesand the changing function of gender in performance. â€Å"In terms of its theory, [socialist feminism] aims to analyse and understand the way in which relations based on class interact with relations based on gender at both the individual and social level. 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How Will We Love By Chris Brickler - 1120 Words

How Will We Love is a documentary that takes place when Chris Brickler begins to interview his grandparents after their 63rd anniversary. He wanted to show the film to his family to continue their legacy. As he continues this interview, seeing the dynamics of their relationship pushes him to pursuit research of how other relationships exist and face pressure of failure. The film begins to explores the different dynamics involved in love, and interaction that occurs among/within heterosexual relationships. How Will We Love demonstrates the many dynamics that could challenge a relationship from being healthy and successful. Whereas love has many happy and wonderful memories, the film also narrates the rough and persistent trials that many relationships experience. Another wonderful advantage to this film is the clear portrayal of a healthy, long lasting relationship-along with what it takes to be happy with your partner. How Will We Love correlates with Chapter 12-Divorce. One instance is when a man recalls a billboard in town that says Life is short, have an affair!. He discusses how, while he realizes it is a way to market a website, is a sad representation of how marriage is socially constructed throughout our society. I think that the man gives a good example, many outlets throughout media portray divorce and adultery as desirable and worth losing a marriage over. While marriage is slowly becoming less of a lifelong commitment, there are still many who believe

The Vietnam War Essay Example For Students

The Vietnam War Essay The Vietnam War was a brutal war that affected millions of people in many different countries. All wars start because their is a difference in peoples opinions, and the Vietnam War was no different. It started because France and a Vietnam leader, Ho Chi Minh, had a difference in opinion about the type of government Vietnam should have. To find out why the war broke out you will have to go back to the 1750s. This is where the French started their so called protectorate state of Vietnam. For many years the people of Vietnam protested but could not organize into a force powerful enough to resist the French. Then in 1946 a communist educated individual called Ho Chi Minh organized the people of North Vietnam and drove out the French rulers in a war that took eight years. During peace settlements in Geneva they allowed North and South Vietnam to become separate nations, divided on the 17th parallel. This was only to last for two years. After two years the two countries would then vote on a common leader and reunite the two countries once more. This never happened. South Vietnam was afraid that a Communist leader would be chosen and the nation would be in ruins. Communist guerrillas in South Vietnam opposing the canceled election began attacks on Southern Vietnam and remaining French officials to gain co!ntrol of South Vietnam.If North Vietnam was to begin their invasion of South Vietnam the Communist ruler Ho Chi Minh was sure to have complete control over the nation and spread his ideas of communism to neighboring countries. The United States thought that this should not happen so in 1965 the president ordered the bombing of North Vietnam and the landing of US troops in South Vietnam. This then caused North Vietnam to send regular units to the South. That therefore, cause more US troops to become involved. All of this kept building and building until it was a full scale war.The main reason that the Vietnam War broke out was that the old imperial France thought they could keep a so called protectorate state without giving them any freedom. Then a communist leader came along that united the people and took over in the name of freedom. The U.S. thought that if Vietnam became communist then neighboring countries would soon follow. They did not want communism to spread so they tried to stop it. Stop it by war and it did not work out like they thought it would.

Johnny Tremain Essays - Johnny Tremain, , Term Papers

Johnny Tremain Johnny Tremain takes place in pre-Revolutionary Boston. Johnny Tremain is boy who is proudtoo proud. His pride made him overconfident. He pretty much planned all of his life while he was young; he would be a silversmith and marry Cilla. His mother dies when he is fourteen years old. Before his mother died, he was apprenticed to a silversmith named Mr. Lapham. When his mother died, she gave him a silver cup that showed that he was a member of the Lyte family. The cup signifies that he is related to the famous merchant Lyte who was very rich. One Sunday, in order to get a silver basin for Mr. John Hancock done on time, Johnny broke the Sabbath and cast a silver pitcher. Dove, who is very unintelligent and jealous of Johnny gave him a cracked crucible and it spilled all over the stove top and Johnny went to get it but it burned his hand. Mr. Lapham sent out for a midwife to come and fix his hand because they didnt want to get caught working on the Sabbath by a doctor. She wrapped it up together and it crippled and stuck together which meant he couldn't work as a silversmith anymore. Johnnys master, Mr. Lapham, said that he would always have a home there. Soon Mr. Lapham was getting impatient and Johnny knew that he needed to get a job. So Johnny went out to find a job. He had a rough time finding a job because nobody wanted a so-called crippled boy who supposedly couldn't do anything. After searching and searching for a new job, he was offered a job by a boy named Rab who was about his age to deliver the Boston Observer, which was a town newspaper. Johnny became a messenger for the Sons of Liberty, a group of patriots that includes Sam Adams, Paul Revere, and John Hancock. Johnny wanted to get to Lexington, so he made himself look like a soldier and tore open his shirt and smeared mud and blood on his face and body. He successfully slipped past the soldiers and got to Lexington. When he got there, he saw Pumpkin and gave him some clothes to escape and Pumpkin gave Johnny his uniform and a gun. Johnny dressed up and got to Dr. Warren. Dr. Warren fixed his crippled hand by cutting the skin. Johnny later finds out that Rab had been killed in the war. Dr. Warren tried to save him but could not because he had been fatally wounded.

CONCERTO FOR HARPSICHORD OR PI essays

CONCERTO FOR HARPSICHORD OR PI essays Johann Christian Bach was the 18th born and the youngest surviving son of Johann Sebastian Bach. Being the youngest, one would think that his writing was influenced by the music of his father and elder brothers, but it was, in fact, quite contrary to this. Bach branched off from the musical style of his father and brothers, anticipating and in some senses, contributing to the development of the classical era. His tendencies include a new emphasis on the expression of emotion through music, a shift towards concert-hall forms and genres from religious/church music, and a conscious featuring of virtuoso instrumental parts. He studied under his father until the age of fourteen when his father died, subsequently taking up studies with his elder brother, Carl Philipp Emmanuel, more than 20 years his senior. JC Bach also studied with Giambattista Martini, better known as Padre Martini of Bologna, who later, also taught Mozart. JC Bach became the organist at the Milan Cathedral in 1760 , where he came to be known as the "Milan" Bach. In 1762, he became the "London" Bach when he entered the service of the Queen of England and it was here he influenced the young Mozart, not only with his writings, but also when Mozart was brought to his instruction in 1764. Mozart acknowledged his debt to his mentor by adopting a number of JC Bachs piano sonatas and using them as the basis for some of his own piano concertos. As well as writing concertos like this one, JC Bach also wrote symphonies, chamber works, piano pieces, church music, and operas. In this concerto, Bach gives the performer the option of playing on harpsichord or the piano, which is an invention of the classical period. Bach uses crescendos and diminuendos generously throughout the piece, making use of the pianos and the strings new dynamic capabilities. Typical of the classical era, Bach uses balanced four bar phrases. There are many grace notes (appoggiaturas...

Strategic Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Coursework Example â€Å"Performance consensus† according to the journal is a neutral factor that is crucial to both strategic approaches. The size of the firm, influence of the CEO and uncertain operational environment of the company restrain strategy making approach of the firm. Before settling on any particular strategy, it is important to conduct a cost-benefit-analysis so as to determine the combined possible benefits of both rather than focus on one strategy. Dynamic business world demands that organizations utilize emergent strategy, which makes performance consensus a significant success driver in the implementation thereof. In concurrence with the journal, it is true that utilizing the relevant strategy ensures flexibility of managers. The article facilitates the process of strategy formulation in firms by providing adequate information needed for the entire process. Mintzberg, H 1990, â€Å"The design school: reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management,† Strategic M anagement Journal, Vol. 11, PP 171-195. ... The author critically examines the design school model exposing its strengths and weakness. According to this design, leadership in an organization has the responsibility of determining organizational goals and essential tasks that must be undertaken to achieve the desired position of the firm. In this school of thought, the following premises hold: strategy formulation should be a managed and cognizant process. Second, the main strategist is the CEO, the model used must be straightforward, the strategy should be exclusive, the strategies should be communicated and they become implemented after complete formulation. The authors argue that the design school model is riddled with false assumptions and is often out of context. Both relevant structure and strategy determine organizational success. Despite many criticisms about the design school model, it still remains popular with many organisations and provides useful understanding into managerial concepts and practices. However, it is most likely to be outdated, particularly concerning modern business application. Ansoff, H 1991, â€Å"Critique of Henry Mintzberg's 'The design school: reconsidering the basic premises of strategic management’,† Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12, PP 449-461. Ansoff in 1991 assessed Mintzberg’s (1990) critique of the ‘design school’ of strategic management based on two conditions: procedural reliability and factual authenticity. In his work, Mintzberg critique lacks both criteria. His own suggestion for the fundamental philosophy of strategic management falls in the same analytical criteria. According to Ansoff, Mintzberg’s clarification lacks methodology and his descriptive as well as prescriptive affirmations are contradictory to the contemporary management practices.

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle - Essay Example Aristotle rejected Plato's notion and brought about the foundation of modern logic, which is syllogism. Aristotle did not accept that something was true just because someone said so. He was interested in why it was true. From Aristotle's complex system of inquiry have evolved the tools of modern logic and empirical study, using both induction and deduction in the material world. To Aristotle, nothing can be more than what it is designed to be. Socrates was the consummate lover of the soul. He abhorred the senses, discounting them as biological demands standing in the way of the attainment of true knowledge. His concern was focused on enlightenment rather than inquiry, since the senses could not be trusted to yield anything unbiased. Plato took these concepts and added the components of mathematics and astronomy as the keys to true knowledge. Plato's love of mathematics, astronomy and geometry led him to believe that the pursuit of these subjects was fundamental to any other instruction. His methods for acquiring knowledge did not include empirical observation; rather, he favored abstract concepts. Aristotle agreed with Plato to a point, but took it a step further in adding the necessity of gathering data and empirical study. He is credited with being the founder of modern methods of scientific research. Socrates held fast to the idea that the highest love is personal

Milgram's Experiments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Milgram's Experiments - Essay Example After World War II, in the Nuremberg War Crimes trials, a common defense of those accused of these crimes against humanity was "obedience.". The prevalence of this justification is what prompted Stanley Milgram to perform his experiments. Milgram's experiments focused on the conflict between obedience to authority and a person's conscience. Milgram recruited participants through newspaper advertisements calling for anyone interested in getting paid for participating in an experiment supposedly intending to determine the effect of punishment on learning. The participant (the subject) is introduced to a stern-looking experimenter in a white coat and to a second 'participant' that the subject understands was recruited in the same way that he was. This second participant, who is pleasant and friendly to the subject, is actually an accomplice of the experimenter. Under the directions of the experimenter the subject, given the role of "teacher", is made to inflict electric shocks of increasing power for every mistake that the other "participant" (the "learner") makes in answering some questions. The experimenter and the teacher are in the same room while the learner is in an adjoining room. 65% of the teachers obeyed all orders and went to the maximum of 450 volts administered to the learner, even though most of the subjects were extremely uncomfortable in delivering the punishment. None of the subjects stopped "punishing" before reaching 300 volts.

Essay --

During exercise, in order to obtain energy, muscles have to burn carbohydrates and lipids, which causes the production of heat. The increase in metabolism during exercise increases the body’s core temperature (Burton, 2004). Circulating blood flow is used to transport the excessive metabolic heat produced by the working muscles. The heat is transported to the surface of the body and it is released to the environment. Radiation, convection or by evaporation of sweat, are the three main ways the body gets rid of excessive heat (Fortney, 1985). The hypothalamic neurons control the body temperature (Soare, etl,2011). These neurons modulate the autonomic and hormonal control of heat production and heat loss. This allows for the constant maintenance of core body temperature when the environment temperature changes (Soare, etl,2011). When the core body temperature is at an ideal temperature, the internal organs and the bodily systems work at their best. The ideal temperature to be at is 98.6 F. Having it below 96 F or over 100 F the organs and systems will not work properly. Exercise sessions performed 2-3 times a week can help improve cardiovascular fitness (White, 2013). Not being active enough increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other disorders. Over time, exercise reduces cardiovascular risk, reduces blood pressure and decreases insulin resistance (Cohen, 2013). The cardiovascular system is a direct beneficiary of increased physical activity. Exercise can minimize the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system and improve circulation, heart function, blood fat lipid levels, and reduce blood pressure. On the other hand, people who live a sedentary life are more prone to cardiovascular disease (Exercise for ... ...s that exercise will have on the body. Oxygen demand increases when doing a physical activity. This causes the person to breath heavy. During exercise, the respiratory rate will elevate and might remain elevated after heavy exercise for up to 1–2 h. During strenuous exercise, the heart rate and stroke volume increase to about 90% of their maximum values. The body can never use oxygen at a higher rate than the rate at which the cardiovascular system can transport oxygen to the tissues (Burton, 2004). Staying physically fit will lose body fat, increase energy, and improve confidence (Bergen, 2013). To prevent weight gain, 150-250 minutes of moderate exercise a week is recommended. People that exercise have decrease in body fat and an increase in quality of life. Their energy level was also measured and they scored higher than the controlled group (Burnham, 2002). Essay -- During exercise, in order to obtain energy, muscles have to burn carbohydrates and lipids, which causes the production of heat. The increase in metabolism during exercise increases the body’s core temperature (Burton, 2004). Circulating blood flow is used to transport the excessive metabolic heat produced by the working muscles. The heat is transported to the surface of the body and it is released to the environment. Radiation, convection or by evaporation of sweat, are the three main ways the body gets rid of excessive heat (Fortney, 1985). The hypothalamic neurons control the body temperature (Soare, etl,2011). These neurons modulate the autonomic and hormonal control of heat production and heat loss. This allows for the constant maintenance of core body temperature when the environment temperature changes (Soare, etl,2011). When the core body temperature is at an ideal temperature, the internal organs and the bodily systems work at their best. The ideal temperature to be at is 98.6 F. Having it below 96 F or over 100 F the organs and systems will not work properly. Exercise sessions performed 2-3 times a week can help improve cardiovascular fitness (White, 2013). Not being active enough increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other disorders. Over time, exercise reduces cardiovascular risk, reduces blood pressure and decreases insulin resistance (Cohen, 2013). The cardiovascular system is a direct beneficiary of increased physical activity. Exercise can minimize the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system and improve circulation, heart function, blood fat lipid levels, and reduce blood pressure. On the other hand, people who live a sedentary life are more prone to cardiovascular disease (Exercise for ... ...s that exercise will have on the body. Oxygen demand increases when doing a physical activity. This causes the person to breath heavy. During exercise, the respiratory rate will elevate and might remain elevated after heavy exercise for up to 1–2 h. During strenuous exercise, the heart rate and stroke volume increase to about 90% of their maximum values. The body can never use oxygen at a higher rate than the rate at which the cardiovascular system can transport oxygen to the tissues (Burton, 2004). Staying physically fit will lose body fat, increase energy, and improve confidence (Bergen, 2013). To prevent weight gain, 150-250 minutes of moderate exercise a week is recommended. People that exercise have decrease in body fat and an increase in quality of life. Their energy level was also measured and they scored higher than the controlled group (Burnham, 2002).

Ikea’s Organizational Behavior

INTRO: IKEA is known for its strong organizational values, which are based on Swedish norms and in particular the opinions and values of the founder himself. It is not unusual to see IKEA employees following the norms and values even outside the working hours, but how important is OB really for IKEA? IKEA’S BRIEF HISTORY 1940-1950 A Swedish 17-year-old man named Ingvar Kampard founded Ikea in 1943. It all began with the Ikea catalogue that was sent from house to house, which is still known today as Ikeas signature. In 1948 the range of IKEA products extended to furniture and by 1958 the first store is opened. 960-1970 By the end of the seventies, Ikea manages to not only open stores all over Europe, but in Canada and Australia as well. 1980s The large cash flow start coming in once Ikea enters the US in1985. By this time IKEA has 10,000 co-workers and 60 stores. Ingvar Kampard retires from Group Management and becomes an advisor to the parent company INGKA Holding B. V. 1990s In 90s IKEA expands in Eastern Europe as well as China. In 1990 the first environmental policy and social responsibility policy is introduced in IKEA.In 1997 IKEA launches Children`s furniture and becomes a retailer with offers to the entire family. By 1999 IKEA group grows to 50,000 co-workers and has 158 stores in 29 countries. 2000s In the year 2000 IKEA arrives to Moscow, Russia and same year Code of Conduct is introduced, called IKEA WAY. Following years IKEA is actively participates in world donating events and promotion of social responsibility. IKEA AT A GLANCE 287 IKEA GROUP STORES WORLDWITE In 2011 IKEA Group opened 7 new stores in 7 countries. As of 31. 08. 2011 it had 287 stores in 26 countries 13 0888 3 144 49 Top 5 purchasing countries: 1. China 22% 2. Poland 18% 3. Italy 8% 4. Sweden 5% 5. Germany 4% Top 5 Selling Countries: 1. Germany 15% 2. USA 11% 3. France 10% 4. Italy 7% 5. Sweden 6% CO -WORKERS PER FUNCTION * Purchasing, distribution, wholesale, range & other: 1 4,300 * Retail: 100,000 * Swedwood: 16,000 * Swedspan: 700 * Total co-workers in FY11 131. 000 TOTAL SALES: Sales increased by 6. 9% compared to 2010. Total sales amounted to EUR 24. 7 billion. SUPPLIERS IN 2011: 1,018 suppliers in 53 countriesPRODUCTS: The IKEA range consists of approximately 9,500 products. PRINTED CATALOGUES, LANGUAGES & EDITIONS: The IKEA catalogue was printed in more than 208 million copies in 30 languages and 59 editions. STORE VISITS: In 2011, the IKEA Group stores had 655 million visits. IKEA . COM: IKEA websites had 870 million visits in 2011 As for Ikeas competitors, there is Wal-Mart, Howden and Ashley Furniture. Company Employees According to Emil Svallingsson who is an employee at IKEA for 10 years, about 50% of the employees are proud of their jobs.The other half refers the individuals who do not share the exact same vision about the company, and need to be told how to do things and have a stereotypical â€Å"boss†, rather than be all a part of one team. Culture Center – Together In the hometown of IKEA, Almhult, there is a Culture Center called â€Å"Together†. It is a place for employees all over the world to attend education, meetings and to learn about the company culture. There is a lecture hall, access to product archives and documents, as well as exhibitions and interactive installations.Employees are stating that the center is a great help to keep their foundational values alive and that it makes them more motivated in the everyday work life. â€Å"Together† works as a meeting place for people working at IKEA as well as a place for developing employment skills. The main idea is to gather the IKEA culture in to one building. Since there are more and more warehouses build over the world, it is not always easy to keep the same values for everyone, and therefore the center is the beginning to keep the company culture as Ingvar first created it to be. Our heart is in Almhult and it's amazing to be a ble to have a cultural center here. † -Ingvar Kamprad â€Å"Together† is also a great example of their flat organizational structure. Hopes are that employees, by themselves, will get a deeper understanding for the culture and by that develop IKEAs future together. † Ikeas center provides different exercises to the employees that show the entire IKEA concept and how it works at its best; how all the employees’ jobs together create one big job structure, and how products are being made and the importance of raw materials.At IKEA, training is crucial to keep the social work environment functional. From the training sessions, the hope is to develop awareness, knowledge and responsibility. All employees receive this training in order to take charge of their own development. In general, IKEA wants to give the opportunities for co-workers to grow, both at an individual level, but also in their professional roles. In return, IKEA expects their co-workers to do the ir job as well as possible depending on their ability and experience, take responsibility, and be willing to develop and grow continually and to act in an open and straightforward manner.Workforce Diversity Gender The gender diversity at IKEA is probably among the best one's over the world. They have applied special workforce diversity programs in all departments, and are working for a continuing development. The program is based on â€Å"stomach feeling† and employee’s opinions in order to fill the positions in a fair way. In the warehouses, there is quite an equal diversity between genders. Right now, globally it is about 54% are women and 46% men. Even among the higher positioned jobs such as warehouse responsible, it's equally divided, 52. % measured to be women and 47. 5% men. However, when you are getting really high up in the working positions, such as the top board, there are no women. According to Hakan Sandman, the Marketing Director of IKEA France, the gende r diversity is very equal overall; but that it also depends on what department one is looking at. Human Resources department tend to be mostly women, as well as the Marketing department where Mr. Sandman is the only man. THE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF CO-WORKERS IN IKEAThis pie chart represents employees’ gender distribution at IKEA globally, but for example in Sweden it looks different: The age distribution in IKEA Globally: Workforce Diversity: Ethnicity Ikeas main philosophy is â€Å"The People Philosophy†: though in the past their strategy was â€Å"Swedes†, they have abandoned it in 1998 with the rise of globalization. Currently they have a lot of long-time workers from different cultures and backgrounds. IKEA sees the diversity matter as a subject for creating more challenging business atmosphere.France’s new store in Avignon has staff from 21 different nationalities. Since 1998 they have changed their recruitment base to: including everyone and not just S wedish people. Recruited staff are immediately made aware of IKEA`s cultural diversity philosophy; first day at work new staff get exercise to tell their group members something unique or different about themselves. â€Å"As a global player it is very important for IKEA to be aware of what the world looks like today, and how it will change in the future. The only common thing for all of us is that we are different.If we accept and understand this fact we can start to use this Diversity for the best of ourselves and for IKEA† (Fajtova, 2007) The corporate language of IKEA is English and in their TV commercials they feature a wide variety of different ethnicities, ages, genders and race. Holistic Responsibility: â€Å"IKEA is a leader in setting high environmental standards for its product. That means employing strict manufacturing methods and supply processes so that materials, technologies and transportation have the least amaging effects on the environment. â€Å"1  œ Rene Hausler, Partner, IKEA-San Diego Franchisee. â€Å"We consider IKEA to be setting an excellent example for other corporations to follow. IKEA is prepared to go further than just saying ‘no' to a supplier who exploits children. The company is showing a genuine interest in bringing about improvement for children by assuming a responsibility for child labour issues. â€Å"2 – Ingvar Hjartso, UNICEF Representative. It seems as if today everyone is praising Ikea, and it is not without a reason.Ikea is a remarkably socially responsible company, it sets example to so many other companies that simply are profit driven, and do nothing but destroy the eco system, or poison the environment with chemicals such as â€Å"the monstrato†. Therefore, Ikea is rewarded and recognized highly for its CSR, it has received numerous awards, including the one on April 2005, the Outstanding Sustainable Style Achievement (OSSA)3 Award for eliminating the usage of Polybrominated Di phenyl Ether (PBDE),4 a toxic fire suppressor used in manufacturing furniture.In addition, earlier in 2004, IKEA had received the BUPA Healthy Communities award for Excellence,5 an award funded by the Ministry of Health, UK. The company pays a great deal of attention to different problems in the society and the environment; this did not begin recently, for more than twenty years Ikea has been environmentally conscientious. It began in 1989 when the then president of Ikea said that the â€Å"Environment is not just a new fashion, it will not fade away, it is the new reality and we have to adapt to it. And so, in 1990 in association with Karl-Henrik Robert, was initiated The Natural Step (TNS) environmental program in IKEA. And so throughout the years, one by one it began tackling different environmental issues; waste management were the first thing that Ikea took seriously, and so each IKEA store started having an â€Å"environmental coordinator† who worked towards waste recy cling and energy conservation, and also trained employees on environmental aspects. Since 1999, IKEA has works actively to reduce waste in manufacturing. Where possible, waste from one manufacturing process was to be used in the production of other items.And it did not end there; most IKEA stores provided collection points for customers to return waste. In the recent years, Ikea has been trying hard to be environmentally friendly, and it began rewarding the same behavior in its employees. It varies throughout the Ikea’s in different countries; IKEA Poland stores provide facilities for bikes, maps of bike paths and tools to repair customer bikes, IKEA Denmark lends out bicycles equipped with trailers at its stores, IKEA UK stores offer interest free loans and a 15 percent rebate to co-workers travelling to work by public transport.And in May 2007, IKEA Canada launched a Hybrid Parking Program, rewarding customers driving a hybrid or fuel-efficient car, with a premium parking s pot. Throughout the years, Ikea’s interest rose in a better future for our children through a better environment rose; when it came to energy consumption, the company’s data showed that IKEA it consumed a huge amount of energy for electricity, but, Ikea did not simply decide to switch off the lights on earth day. The company went a step further; it tried to consciously reduce its energy consumption. Therefore, in 2003 IKEA launched a ‘Kill-a-Watt-Energy Saving Competition. The competition was open to all IKEA stores across the world and it aimed to achieve reduction in energy consumption and also to create awareness among employees regarding electricity costs. By the end of the competition, IKEA had saved energy equivalent to providing electricity to 2,000 households, or two IKEA stores for a year. From waste to energy, Ikea then focused on forestry; around 75% of the raw materials used for Ikea’s furniture, catalogs and packaging came from timber. Hence, conservation of forests was an important environmental issue. IKEA worked with groups such as Greenpeace to formulate policies for sustainable forestry.IKEA was also a member of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). As a result of consultations with these organizations, IKEA banned the usage of timber from intact natural forests. Many companies in industries, such as the diamond industry, choose to be ignorant; companies ignore or lack interest in where their diamonds come from, but often the blood diamonds that they purchase give life to more slavery. And even though there are a lot of different forms of slavery throughout the world, Ikea is one of the companies that does not tolerate it and even though child labor oes exist in countries where IKEA products are manufactured, IKEA does not accept child labor at its suppliers or their sub-contractors, and works actively to prevent it. The company has a special code of conduct called The IKEA Way on Preventing Child Labor, and monitor ing of compliance with The IKEA Way on Preventing Child Labor is done by IKEA trading service offices and with unannounced visits by KPMG to suppliers and sub-contractors in South Asia. As listen above, we can see that throughout the years Ikea has demonstrated over and over again that its responsibility goes beyond home furnishing.It undertook several projects for community development and a lot of its projects were centered on children, such as the one in August 2000, IKEA initiated the Child Rights Program in India in association with UNICEF. The project started in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and the aim of the project was to prevent child labor in ‘the carpet belt' of UP, by addressing root causes such as poverty, illiteracy and ill health. The company’s CSR extended from the community and environment, to the suppliers. Ikea did not choose to be ignorant about where their suppliers got their goods.So it launched ‘The IKEA Way on Purchasing Home Furn ishing Products (IWAY)' in September 2000, this way all of Ikea’s 2,000 suppliers spread across 55 countries, had the ‘code of conduct' to adhere to. Student Support Programs: Ikea helps students of all ages throughout the world; it has aligned with is Save the Children’s Early Steps to School Success (ESSS is designed to assist children with language, social and emotional development); an early reading readiness program that IKEA supports through financial and in-kind product donations.In addition, since early 2001, the IKEA Group supports one-year scholarships for students from Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Russia to study forestry at the Swedish University of Agricultural Science in Alnarp, Sweden. The purpose of the scholarships is to support competence building in sustainable forestry in countries that are important wood sources for IKEA, and to help future forestry professionals in those countries develop relationships with each other.And it doesn’t stop there; due to the fact that many IKEA products are made with cotton, they partnered with the WWF to run Farmer Field Schools in Pakistan and India. Ikea over and over again displays its care for the society and the environment, it is because the company is not simply profit driven, it has a vision; and the vision is â€Å"to create a better everyday life for the many people. This includes doing what we can to help create a world where we take better care of the environment, the earth’s resources, and each other†. Internal Communication: Communication & EqualityThe CEO of the company has a specific culture that has been passed on since Ikea was founded, and this culture is communicated to all of the employees. She states that when she hires a â€Å"co-worker,† as IKEA terms employees, her plan is to help the person through his or her slumps. One of her greatest rewards is to see a worker she has worked with excel, and she believes all super visors and managers should serve as mentors. Every manager is also a team member, â€Å"I’m responsible but not the center of the universe. There is always someone who knows more than you do.And there are always new things that you can learn, which I think is the essence of why I work with IKEA. † Par Sundqvist Store distribution manager Sweden In Ikea a manager is not â€Å"the boss† or the one who commands and rules his department. Due to the low power distance in Sweden, Ikea was founded on the basis that everyone is equal. And based on the chart below of Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, one can see that because of the relatively low power distance in the U. S. , it was quite easy to communicate this approach to all the â€Å"co-workers† in Ikea North America. Exhibit 1.A Cultural Dimensions Theory Exhibit 2. A Cultural Dimensions Theory In Exhibit 1. A, one can see the power distance in both Sweden and the United States, though ther e may seem like there is a difference, once it is compared with Exhibit 2. A one can see that compared to countries such as China who have a high power distance, on average, the power distance is relatively the same in both the U. S and Sweden. Therefore, it can be concluded that Ikea’s Scandinavian way of doing business with the absence of the traditional â€Å"boss† was understood and quickly absorbed by Ikea North America.Equality within the company is emphasized and communicated to all of Ikea’s stakeholders; and though according to â€Å"glassdoor† Ikea employees give the company’s ability to communicate an average 3. 5 rating, they give serious leadership a poor rating of 3. 1 because according to the employees â€Å"there is a little too much equality†, employees want to be guided and told what to do a little more. It seems that not all employees are ready to be treated equality with their bosses and be all a part of one team. Based o n the latest updates on glassdoor, the company rating is a 3. ; the employees say it is â€Å"ok†. This company rating is based on eight components; career opportunities, communication, compensation & benefits, employee morale, recognition and feedback, senior leadership, work/life balance, fairness & respect. The lowest scores of 3. 1 were in career opportunities and in senior leadership. Two of the â€Å"Top Ten Reasons Why Good Employees Quit† are listed in the components that make up glassdoor’s company rating; employees have given to â€Å"Recognition and feedback† a score of 3. , and when it came to rating the â€Å"work/life balance†, IKEA employees gave the highest rating to it. Employees believe that better than anything else the company takes good care of their employee’s need of the work/life balance. Even though the rating seems to be solely satisfactory, it doesn’t truly represent the reality. Based on the rating one will assume that the company’s job demand is at a mediocre level, however, IKEA jobs are actually highly demanded; in Florida USA, IKEA had over 10 000 applicants for only 450 job.And in Sweden, Ikea ranks on the top 5 companies that university graduates want to work for. In addition, Ikea was on the â€Å"Top 200 World's Most Reputable Companies† (#2), Forbes, in 2009 and on the same year it was on the list of â€Å"Best Places to Work in Orange County† (Large companies), Best Companies Group, 2009. Pay and Benefits According to glassdoor. com Ikea employee’s rating of Compensation ; benefits is a mediocre 3. 4, however it does not portray the full picture. Where some believe that Ikea does a mediocre job, others are enjoying the vast benefits that Ikea provides them.Last fall Working Mother magazine named IKEA North America one of the 100 best companies for working mothers and singled out Spiers-Lopez for its Family Champion Award. The award was given for I kea great paid maternity leave and flexible work schedules. In addition, Ikea provides a number of benefits that are not usually offered to retail workers in the U. S. such as â€Å"full medical and dental insurance for those who work as little as 20 hours a week, including coverage for domestic partners and children; tuition assistance; and a 401(k) matching plan†.In addition, they receive long breaks, free uniform and the company has a food plan, it is known as the â€Å"$3 meals†. As for the facilities, there are lounges, relaxation rooms and showers. Ikea has all sorts of benefits from end of the year gift, to long service awards to sick pay and first day of school leave. Lastly, Ikea unlike most companies provides even part time workers with benefit packages. Bonuses in the company may vary, but on average the bonus of a sales associate is $785, and the team leader receives $1,002.However no all positions receive such high bonuses, when it comes to Ikea cashiers, they receive $50, and customer service associates receive $100. And all full time employees receive a 10% discount; it increases to 15% after 7 years of work. The employee discount comes hand in hand with home delivery and assembly of the furniture, always free of charge. All employees in Ikea receive above the minimum wage rate; most are paid by hour except a few who receive a fixed salary; the team leaders receives $39,908 and the department supervisor $34,712.Sales associates hourly pay is $10. 39, Ikea cashier’s is $9. 65/hour, customer serve associates receive $9. 38/hour, floor associates receive $10. 00/hour, Safety ; Loss prevention agent’s pay is $12. 69/hour and the pay of a co-worker is $13. 15/hr. On average the pay is around $12 per hour, with exception the interior designer who receives $16. 56 per hour. As for pension, at the moment, IKEA is building a new global pension package where they want to construct a global second-pillar retirement benefit struc ture. It is planned to be a fixed interest rate of 3. % on contributions. In 2000, IKEA introduced a multi-fund pension arrangement for their employees, which also can be used as a private retirement fund if they leave. The arrangement also offers workers who moves between countries a choice of asset mixes in which they can invest contributions. Co-workers at IKEA are able to transfer money between funds or split contributions between different plans, depending on their age and risk taking profile. It can also be mentioned that even if you choose to leave your job at IKEA, you may remain in the pension agreement. Everyone should have the same amount† – Ingvar Kamprad Ingvar also wishes to start a bonus program for employees over the world, but it is not yet defines how much money we are talking about. IKEA has 131 000 employees so the amount will easily reach very high numbers. So far, there are only 3 principles decided around the future wish; Everyone gets same amount , everyone can take part and its related to Inka holdings financial results. (Inka holdings is IKEA’s Dutch holding company) Improvements and Changes in 2011:The workforce turnover has decreased to 22% in 2011, and 81% of employees now come back from maternity leave: 100% at management level and 78% of hourly-paid workers. Thirdly, 2011 employee satisfaction survey came up with results that employees` favorability to rewards and benefits boosted by 5% in IKEA. Fourthly, IKEA launched family-friendly benefits such as a staff support program and childcare vouchers, as well as an loan with no interest in order to cover costs a month after birth. IKEA: TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT IKEA uses mostly 3 different types of training: * Induction training (35%) Mentoring (40%) * Coaching (25%) 85% of training is on-the-job training and only 15% off-the-job training. Differences between IKEA houses per region in relation to Educational background of co-workers IKEA`s workforce has reached al ready 131,000 employees and these people are an epicenter of IKEA values. Value is a core word for company`s strategy and co-workers` involvement in it. IKEA is doubling their sales every five years; however it does not doubling their staff. One of its keys to such a success lies in training and development programs constantly offered to the employees.Each employee is offered 40-hour training every year in average. Since the very beginning employees` development was perceived as a non-stop process in IKEA. The first period for all newcomers is training in IKEA’s culture. It usually implicates learning about the company’s history by watching the educational videos. Many co-workers start they way in IKEA as part-time co-workers and shift progressively to full-time, seniors, deputies etc. Along their career path they are getting cultural training and regularly acquire IKEA’s values.The major part of training is acquiring the core aptitudes and skills such as teamwo rk, efficiency, mobility, leadership, that were considered necessary for a successful career at IKEA. Networking in IKEA takes important role in training and development. When new employee joins the â€Å"family† he/she gets immediate access to a local network. Curt Temin, who works globally with learning and development within IKEA Group, regards â€Å"networking as the ultimate tool for professional development†. One of the very first things new employee learns is an ancient Swedish word â€Å"fika† (coffee break).In IKEA they understand that even informal meetings and communication between people lead to knowledge transfer and this is where development starts. â€Å"People’s careers are only as limited as they want them to be at IKEA,† concludes Jeff Wilson, learning and development manager for IKEA US. 90% of all positions inside IKEA globally are filled inside, and 35% of those jobs are managing positions. To keep such a high data company has launched a personal development program called â€Å"PADDLE YOUR OWN CANOE†, which has 3 components and takes place ones a year.This program is open to employees who already became aware with companies values, understand their position within the company and ready for self-development. At the first step staff is invited to investigate strengths, weaknesses, self-awareness and career pathways. The second step includes meeting with manager to discuss previous conclusions, perform a skills gap examination and choose position to develop toward desired path. There are online career centers available at this stage to provide all necessary reference materials to complete this stage. Last third step in the program leads to setting goals by employee and making an action plan.IKEA has created environment for growth founded on belief that good people can be even better. In the year 2002 the â€Å"SKILLS ESCALATOR† program was born from this idea. The Skills Escalator is compound of 4 main steps. When employee starts job as a trainee comes the first step. The second comes when employee actually step into planned responsibility. The third step is called â€Å"senior† because at this stage staff becomes leading with tasks of coaching others in their specific work. When the employee has become a mentor and expert it means the last fourth step of program has been reached.This program was created due to willingness of the company to employ people not solely for one role but to take a leading position in long-term. The core idea lies in progress, in order to learn and then train others. In IKEA nobody is a trainee longer than one year. The â€Å"SKILLS ESCALATOR† always gives opportunity for staff to get higher skills level. Employees are progressing while working, they perform work and see which skill are necessary and how attain them during the working process and receiving feedback Employees are confronted with a coach, who is not telling exactly what to do, but help to ind an answer by giving few leading questions. Therefore employees receive help and support, but in such a way they describe what they need to know rather told in advanced. It gives employees control over own development. This relates to on-the-job training, which is most used training process in IKEA. In fall 2011 IKEA launched mentoring initiative â€Å"PARTNERS FOR GROWTH† which was directed by famous mentoring consultant Dr. Lois Zachary of Leadership Development Services. This program was set up to help co-workers establish vital relationships to maintain them in piloting IKEA and in pursuing their own personal development.This program targets only to the IKEA`s key management. Jeff Wilson, Leaning & Development Manager in US explains that â€Å"Partners for Growth† will have a crucial influence on IKEA, he believes, that among many other programs this one is one of the most important. As IKEA has big expansion plans for next 10 years this program will lie in the very heart of the process. A lot of efforts will be given to co-workers` development programs such this one, due to the need of greater capability for people to take superior responsibilities in US and Canada.Pernille Lopez, President of IKEA NA admits that Zachary`s knowledge helped to line up a triumphant monitoring strategy with his own. Lopez confirms, that IKEA`s main goal is to help co-workers to do their job better by developing and empowering staff. In IKEA they take extra steps in mentoring program. IKEA base mentoring program on growth of both mentee and mentor holding expectation of creating better employees by making them a partners. Innate result of this program turns IKEA`s mentees to future mentors. Major mentor to IKEA`s mentoring support groups, Dr.Zachary praises company`s commitment to development processes and finds those innovative and hopes to see mentoring process as a natural aspect of the IKEA`s culture in the next few years. â€Å"P ARTNERS FOR GROWTH† soothes the progress of individual learning, encourages professional and personal development, and has 4 strategic goals: * Develop Leaders from top to bottom – Support career development across the board – Develop and support diversity through IKEA organization – Strengthen IKEA culture Interest of employees in IKEA for more internal training | Percentage| Yes| 79%| No| 4%| Don`t know| 16%| Totals| 100%|PASSIONATE CAREER IN IKEA In IKEA at entry level all employees are hired externally, then those employees are making their way up through promotions. Only 10% of employees on higher levels are hired externally mostly because of lack of eligible candidates. Career planning in any organization is based on how the organization may help and helps its employees in planning their careers. IKEA behave as a supportive partner, in managing its employees careers, for example, by lowering the work load while employee is taking any educational prog ram, by giving time off to study, or by paying a part of the tuition fee.Therefore, career planning may include anything from policies on hiring and promotions and collecting data about personal preferences to Educational Assistance Programs and flexible working hours. Educational Assistance Program gives employees monetary benefits for taking certain training or courses. To be eligible for those benefits the employee must pass the course with the mark of 75% or higher. Those benefits depend on the course taken and on the level at which the employee is. Nonetheless, IKEA offers also its own training and development program.Whereas the company and the level of employment require certain training programs, others are optional. IKEA says that career planning mostly depends on their employees if they want to be pro-active rather than reactive, if they are willing to take more responsibility and to learn more, positions are always posted in the store and every employee may apply upon mee ting certain requirements and having good performance appraisals. IKEA as being in retail industry hires many people on a part time basis, therefore it may offer what is called flexible working hours.This primarily means that employees have a choice what day to work and what hours to work, since they are not required to work 40 hours a week. Flex work enables co-workers to balance home and work careers as well as to spend more time on personal development. Nonetheless, flex work program depends on where the co-worker is working, for instance, in some departments, such as IKEA Trading, co-workers are required to work 8 hours a day but it does not have to be in straight time as long as they have eight hours a day worked.Whereas, in other departments it means that co-worker may choose which days to take off and which days to work. Promotions within IKEA may be vertical or lateral. The policy states that in order to be eligible for promotion for a position lower than management position , the candidate must work with the company at least six months, and to be eligible for promotion for management position the candidate must work at least three years. IKEA provides good program for those employees that would like to, and are eligible for, relocation to different country.Interested co-worker needs to meet certain requirements and be the best candidate for that position. In case of not having the language knowledge IKEA provides language training therefore upon arriving in the new workplace the promoted candidate can communicate with others. This tactic ensures that all employees meeting the requirements may be chosen and the language is not a barrier. IKEA, as a part of career planning of its employees, also does succession planning in conjunction with management. It means that IKEA has charts with listed higher positions, employees on that positions, and relationships between those positions.In case of any vacancies the chart lists prospective successors that may st ep up into that position. IKEA in developing such charts takes into consideration performance appraisals, experience, personal characteristics, and personal preferences of the candidate. As mentioned earlier IKEA does it in conjunction with managers, it means each candidate's qualifications are confirmed by the manager and that manager decides whether the candidate is ready to be promoted or not. Feelings of employees in relation to competences utilized in the right way within the company TAKING CARE OF PEOPLE: EMPLOYEESIKEA always tends to give greater value to its people by calling them co-workers, in such a way highlighting the importance of workforce in this company. The most important values for communication strategy in IKEA are respect, cost consciousness, togetherness and simplicity. During the hiring process IKEA is willing to take people who are willing to growth both professionally and individually, it is always stressed and emphasized during the recruitment. IKEA wishes to create sort of a partnership with its co-workers, it is ready to listen to their ambitions and particularly interested in hiring people who share IKEA`s values.In IKEA responsibility is given to co-workers and strategy of empowerment is applied. Therefore co-workers in IKEA are not afraid of making mistakes and are encouraged to innovative way of thinking. Worst enemy or evolution in IKEA is fear of mistakes. One of the factors IKEA using to make their employees feel better at the work place is absolute avoidance of status symbols. This system allows people to feel equal. The inspiration comes from the top management, and particularly from Ingvar Kampard who brings a great encouragement through his own life.For instance, he always uses public transport instead of taxis or car whenever it is possible. This again sets a good example for cost-consciousness from the highest level on, shows that managers do not expect things from their co-workers that they aren’t willing to do themselves. For Christmas 2006 IKEA has given 9000 bicycles to its employees with a purpose of cutting down the pollution and stick to idea of togetherness and cost-consciousness, which comes from top management. The staff is getting 15% off travel tickets on public transport to sustain same goals.Another example of how IKEA takes care of its employees is training and learning which not necessarily be important for the jobs performed. In 2002 Scottish IKEA introduced IT training for co-workers even thou most of those employees were not using computers in their jobs. IKEA tries to support co-workers, increase self-awareness and encourage them through continuous motivation and incentives. As mentioned before, preference during the recruitment process is given to people who are ready to grow both professionally and personally in IKEA.Regarding the motivating theories, when we begin using McGregor’s theory of X and Y, it can be safely stated that IKEA recognizes its employees as theory Y. IKEA consequently supplies the employees with benefits and incentives in order to give the opportunity for the workforce to grow themselves and their careers. Success of IKEA does not lie in cheap prices, but particularly in treatment of so-called co-workers and direct outcome of it. IKEA has two programs directed towards older employees: The duration of notice of termination of employment is increased by one month per year of employment for employees who are 40 years of age or older.The maximum raise is six months and is in addition to the length of notice according to the law. After ten years of work in IKEA, employees going on pension are allowed to a period of six months of reduced working time with full payment before the retirement. This helps to ease the transition from work to retirement by letting leisure to gradually take the place of work. Differences between IKEA per region in relation to Perceived Stress on the workplace Differences between IKEA per region in relation to how loyal employees feel towards the companyDifferences between IKEA per region in relation if they see themselves working in the company in the next 5 years TAKING CARE OF PEOPLE: CUSTOMERS * 1 million customers visit IKEA every day * The average customer makes 3. 5 store visits per year * The average age of a customer is 42 * 60 per cent of them are female * 150 million meatballs a year are served in IKEA restaurants * 145 million catalogues are printed in 48 editions and 25 languages * IKEA staff conduct 50000 yearly â€Å"home visits† where they visit customers' homes (in exchange for an IKEA credit voucher) to find out what frustrates customers about IKEA products.All business organizations need to make sure that their customers are satisfied with the service they receive because customers are the most important part of any successful organization. IKEA is acting according to the A. R. T. of great service, to carry out a good customer service: Approachable- a n organization must create an open and friendly environment that will influence customers to come in with self-assurance so that their matter can be dealt with. Responsive -all staff should take responsibility of their action. Customer service should be flexible and provide precise and honest information, at all times.Timely – done accurately and efficiently at all time. Many businesses record customer complaints so that, they can review the matter, and to improve its customer service. THE WORK WELL PROGRAM HEALTHY PEOPLE= HEALTHY ORGANIZATION Retention of senior co-workers in IKEA in ways of: * twice a month offered body massage; * specialized course in healthy lifestyle containing a personal diet program, and guidance on losing (or gaining) weight; * help to stop smoking, handle stress or manage situations of conflict; * providing discount on fees to fitness centers; providing comprehensive health insurance coverage providing medical treatment and rehabilitation therapy in private clinics to encourage quick recovery and return to the workplace after illness; * a local project promoting good working attitude through colleague-to-colleague guidance in standing, sitting and lifting correctly Discrimination in IKEA USA Ikea has their way of conduct called the IWAY standing for ‘The IKEA Way on Purchasing Home Furnishing Products’. It defines what suppliers can expect from IKEA and specifies what IKEA requires from its suppliers. Moreover the IWAY guides the work of employees.It covers working conditions, the prevention of child labor, the environment, responsible forestry management and more. Suppliers are responsible for communicating the content of the IKEA code of conduct to co-workers and sub-contractors and ensuring that all required measures are implemented at their own operations. For example, talking about discrimination the IWAY mentions: ‘The IKEA supplier shall not discriminate with regards to workers based on race, religion, beliefs, gender, marital or maternal status, age, political affiliation, national origin, disability, sexual orientation or any other basis. Discrimination is therefore forbidden not only concerning the race but also the gender, religion, beliefs, marital or maternal status etc. However in April 2011, complaints of racial discrimination were present in Virginia, more precisely in the city of Danville. Six African American employees have filed discrimination complaints with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, claiming that black workers at Swedwood's (an industrial group within the IKEA Group of companies) U. S. actory are assigned to the lowest-paying departments and to the least desirable third shift which means from 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. One of the women, Jackie Maubin, mentioned that white people were more likely to receive more money than black people. Swedwood found solutions to face those issues by showing those complaints through mediation and Ikea had offered Maubin 1000 dollars. The company Ikea is trying to eliminate discrimination by hiring based on workers individual skills and ability to do the job.CONCLUSION: As shown thoroughly throughout this report, in both theory and practice, OB is IKEA’s top priority; the company pays a great deal of attention and energy to the company’s organizational behavior. It is part of Ikeas foundation, which results in great success. Though of course, whether OB is IKEA’s number one, or number two priority, it varies depending on factors such as the country in which that particular IKEA is located, as well as the culture in which it operates in.Though the origin of the Swedish IKEA has OB as a number one priority, it slightly varies depending on the location of each IKEA store or warehouse, that is due to the fact that cultures and norm and ways of doing business vary all over the world, and even though IKEA does its best to keep OB its number one priority, it is not the number one prior ity in every single IKEA all over the world. There is still room for improvement though in comparison to other companies, IKEA certainly never neglects the important of OB, but whether it is the number one or number three priority, that varies all over the world.Appendix: Interview With Emil Svallingsson, Warehouse Employee at IKEA Sweden for 10 Years According to you, how are employees being treated at the IKEA warehouse? In an equal way? In general, all employees are treated well, even though some bad things has shown during my 10 years at IKEA. If you are complaining, you are risking to not get a promotion. People were always quitting and new were starting, mostly because of annoying costumers and due to a too small number of employees. IKEA is constantly trying to cut down on their staff in order to have the consumers doing as much as possible.During a very long time, no new people were hired at my department. Additionally, I have to say that there always have been a good diver sity between men/women, religion and age. It's a good mix! Are employees proud about their jobs? †No, it's about 50/50 I would say. 50% thinks IKEA is amazing and a wonderful place to work. We call those certain people the â€Å"IKEAns†, like Indiens. The other 50% are mostly working there because of a lack of other things to do. †Is IKEA a good environment for new initiatives? You always have to push yourself forward and be initiative if you want something to happen with your carrier. It is almost expected from the employees to do more than it says in their contract if they want to achieve higher positions. †Are employees actively involved to develop IKEA, or are they according to you, in need of being â€Å"pushed† forward in order to develop? †Again, that's 50/50. The ones who believes in the IKEA concept (the IKEA`ns) loves to be a part of the IKEA family and they do not have to be pushed. The rest of us might need a clear goal to be motivat ed.I would have liked to just have a small percentage of the extra money I earned if my selling went extra well for example. They don't have systems like that. Time to time, they did have a small competition or party for the employees though. That was fun. Interview with the French marketing director Hakan Sandman How are decisions in general being taken at IKEA? Ikea is very democratic in general, even though it's different between different countries. It differs depending on a country's general values and how the people are looking at the word Trust. It is easy to say, Yes†- we trust our employees! but not as easy to live. I would say that IKEA Sweden trust their employees most of all countries, but in comparison to other companies in France, we are very good at trusting and giving away responsibilities. How are the people at IKEA helping each other in order to move forward as a group? At IKEA, it is important that it's easy for our employees to understand and live our value s and beliefs. In the retail department, there are so many people who comes and goes, so it is important that the new ones are able to learn quickly and that the old ones are willing to teach.One of our most important slogans is: â€Å"Lead by Example† which basically means that you have to live as you learn. When the founder, Ingvar Kamprad, where in his forties, he was driving around in a Porsche, drinking champagne with beautiful women and he was living a very different life from today. He later on realized the importance of guiding people by being the example himself, and started to behave in a more appropriate way for IKEA. So what is â€Å"appropriate† for IKEA? It is important for anyone who works at IKEA to be a good example when it comes to money. You have to live as you learn and you are not opposed to waist them.An example of this is when a person at IKEA Russia once where spending a bit too much, which lead to that the company lost 50 million euro. Ingvar h imself then went to the person who was responsible for the act, but instead of yelling at him for what he did, he started to lecture about good behavior and the norms of IKEA. In this case, Ingvar saw that it wasn’t the money that were important in the situation, but the symbolic act to waist 50 millions. It was just not good for IKEAs reputation. At the same time he managed to â€Å"Lead by Example† by being a really good and understanding leader. Is it really that equal at IKEA?IKEA is a flat organization, which means it is not hierarchic. Our decisions may take longer time, but when letting everyone decide, people all over the organization will truly believe in the decision and work more efficient to get through with the new idea. At IKEA, it is important to feel the â€Å"We- Spirit†. Since we are doing things together, that leads to more personal energy and everyone will be more effective. Do you prefer it like that or the other way around? Sometimes, it ma y be hard to take a decision within the overall budget for example, cause we don’t really have anyone who Really decides.Everyone might want different things and that can require more time and energy than it would have done in a hierarchical organization. But in the end, I really prefer the flat type of organization. How to you get a flat organization to be effective? It's all about a balance between time efficiency and democracy. In the warehouses, there is somewhat a hierarchy, but as flat as possible. It wouldn't work otherwise. Ingvar himself is very concerned about his employees though and likes to spend time in warehouses in order to take in the opinions of people working there. He wants them to also have power.But is it really that equal between men and women? Every department sets its own goals every year. The goals are based on feeling form the employees but also on measured facts. In the very top, there are more men than women. A lot of women are working in HR depar tment and marketing. I'm the only man at the marketing department! It is really well divided between warehouse bosses though, I would say very close to 50/50 for men and women. 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